GVP balm has no protein in it, and I think all four of the ingredients you mentioned could be the trigger for your issues...only you can determine that, sadly, via experimentation! Aloe has proteins in it and it does give some protein-sensitives a really hard time. Many cannot tolerate certain forms of cococnut - the milk of it has proteins, as does the meat part, but the oil contains NO protein. Some of us can't handle panthenol - it is a form of vitamin B, if I am not mistaken - but my hair doesn't like it, IDK about yours!
I am willing to bet the glycerin and the aloe were the issues ;p You will have to try using either straight glycerin or straight aloe in your hair, to see what happens...you kind of have to take the perspective of a researcher, lol!
In regard to your other question, I can only give you my experience - my hair enjoys protein treatments once a month or every two weeks, depending...so I can tolerate those, but only if they are natural (eggs, yogourt, honey, mayo). I can't tolerate any protein at all in any of my low-poos, condishes, LI's or gels ;p But we are all different, and as Corinna noted, some protein sensitives cannot tolerate it in LI products, and some can't tolerate the PT'S. And some can't handle either of those well.
When I dyed my hair 2 months ago, it was a totally horrid, puffy, frizzy mess :/ it took me weeks of moisturizing without protein to fix my hair. Now all my frizz is gone and my hair is behaving beautifully. Maybe you just aren't giving it enough time to recover! As in, a little patience goes a long way
I am glad that you are doing better now!
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Finer, mixed with coarser strands, low-porosity, wavy curly whirly hair...3A, 2C hair. Medium thickness, medium elasticity.
S-shaped hair with corkscrew ends. My hair is even more confused than me ;p
My hair officially hates protein

Once a month is enough!
Currently a fan of TiGi products, (rock on, TiGi Curlesque styling creme!) but that will soon change - I am a self-avowed product junkie! Yay!

BIG fan of supersoaker method - thanks Rudeechick!